Polymorphisms at HLA-A,-B,-DRB1 loci in Dalian Han population / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate the polymorphisms at HLA-A,-B,-DRB1 loci in Dalian Han population. Methods: A total of 10 000 unrelated marrow donors who live in Dalian were genotyped by SBT and SSO methods. Haplotype frequencies and linkage dis-equilibrium values were calculated by ARLEQUIN software,and DA genetic distances between populations were calculated by poptree2 software. Results: A total of 18 HLA-A alleles, 32 HLA-B alleles and 13 HLA-DRB1 alleles were found in Dalian Han population. HLA-A?02 (31. 65% ),B?40(14. 84% ) and DRB1?15(15. 82% ) occurred most frequently. A?30-B?13-DRB1?07 (4. 56% ) was determined to be the most common three-locus haplotype and the second predominant haplotype was A?02-B?46-DRB1?09 ( 2. 43% ) . A ?30-B ?13 ( 6. 00% ) and B ?13-DRB1 ?07 ( 59. 89% ) were the most common two-locus haplotypes. Moreover,A?33-B?58 and B?13-DRB1?07 were strongest haplotypes with the linkage disequilibria values 0. 336 6 and 0. 665 1,respectively. In China,the closest genetic distances were found with Heilongjiang (0. 001) followed by Jilin (0. 002) and Shandong (0. 002),the furthest was found with Taiwan (0. 047). Compared with other populations worldwide,the closest genetic distances were found with Thailand (0. 029) and Korea (0. 03),the furthest was found with Italy (0. 183). Conclusion: Dalian Han population had rich polymorphism at HLA-A,-B,-DRB1 loci,and the distribution of HLA-A,-B and-DRB1 was in line with the charac-teristics of the northern population.

Association between development of hypertension and nutrition in school-age children in Fengdu County of Chongqing, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between the development of hypertension and nutrition in school-age children in Fengdu County of Chongqing, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 8 033 children from 2 public primary schools in Fengdu County of Chongqing, whose registered residence was in the subdistricts where the two schools were located, were selected as study subjects using cluster random sampling. Body height, body weight, and blood pressure were measured, and the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used for dietary survey. The association between body mass index (BMI), dietary nutrients, and the development of hypertension in children was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 7 538 children were enrolled for analysis. The detection rates of obesity, overweight, and hypertension were 9.11%, 12.27%, and 11.83% respectively. In children with obesity and overweight, the detection rate of hypertension was 33.62% and 17.84% respectively, 4.02 and 2.13 times that in normal children. The multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis revealed that increased intake of calcium and sodium increased the risk of hypertension (OR=1.003 and 1.002 respectively), while the increased iron intake and calcium intake per unit body weight reduced the risk of hypertension (OR=0.979 and 0.926 respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The prevalence of hypertension and obesity in school-age children in Fengdu County of Chongqing is high. BMI and dietary nutrients are closely associated with the development of hypertension in children. Active control of body weight, adjustment of dietary structure, and limitation of sodium intake should be adopted to reduce the development of hypertension in school-age children.</p>

Current status and urban-rural comparison of clinical agency of detection, management, and health insurance for hypertensive patients in communities of five provinces in China in 2010 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the status of the clinical agency of detection, management, and health insurance for hypertensive patients in urban and rural communities of five provinces in China in 2010, in order to provide fundamental data for implementation and evaluation of community health management of hypertensive patients in basic public health service.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Sichuan and Gansu provinces, cities and districts (counties) were selected according to economic development level and 10 survey sites were finally determined. In each survey site, 3-4 communities or townships were selected by cluster sampling methods in 2010. A total of 8326 eligible hypertensive patients (4363 in urban and 3963 in rural) were included. The urban-rural difference of clinical agency and health insurance was compared for hypertensive patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In urban areas, 43.74% (1867/4268) hypertensive patients were first diagnosed at hospitals of district level or above, 25.07% (1070/4268) at community health service centers (CHSC), and 20.20% (862/4268) at community health service stations (CHSS), respectively; 30.72% (1274/4147) and 31.11% (1290/4147) patients chose CHSC and CHSS for their follow-up visiting, respectively; 60.23% (3073/5102) antihypertensive medication was obtained from pharmacies. In rural areas, 54.58% (2133/3908) hypertensive patients were first diagnosed at village clinics, 22.36% (874/3908) at township hospitals, and 18.86% (737/3908) at hospitals of county level or above; 70.49% (2695/3823) patients chose village clinics for their follow-up visiting; 46.23% (2116/4577) antihypertensive medication was obtained from village clinics, and 36.29% (1661/4577) from pharmacies. The main reasons for choosing clinical agency for both urban and rural patients were convenience (45.79%, 6276/13 706) and low cost (11.78%, 1614/13 706). The proportions of reimbursements for hospitalization expenses and total medical expenses for hypertensive patients in urban in the past year were 66.67% and 34.78%, respectively, which were much higher than those in rural (35.71% and 9.50%) (Z value was -12.13 and -17.56, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Community-based hypertension detection and routine blood pressure measurement during clinical visiting should be further strengthened to improve early diagnosis of hypertension. The development of community-based clinical agency should be able to provide convenient and low cost health service for hypertensive patients to improve treatment, follow-up and control of hypertension.</p>

Application of epidermal growth factor in corneal injury / 中华实验眼科杂志

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a very important peptide growth factor,which is not only involving in a variety of ocular cell mitosis,proliferation and differentiation,but also participates in mediating the signal transduction between cell and cell,cell and matrix interaction and other biological functions.Corneal injury is a common and frequently occurring disease in ophthalmology,and it would lead to blindness without appropriate treatment.Researches showed that EGF can promote the repair and regeneration of wounded cornea.In recent years,these studies advance from animal experiment stage to clinical stage and also from the morphology evaluation stage to the genetics study stage.This paper provided an overview of EGF concept,its biological effectiveness,its relationship to corneal injury and its clinical application.

An experimental study on chemoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma by celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the feasibility of chemoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma by celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) inhibitor using a rat model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rats were divided into 3 groups: model group, celecoxib group, and control group. The rat surgical model was established by performing a gastrojejunostomy plus an esophagojejunostomy 5 mm distal to the gastrojejunal anastomosis. Twenty-eight weeks after surgery, all the animals were sacrificed and the pathological changes in the esophagus were examined macroscopically. COX-2 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in the model group was 84% and 57% respectively, significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.01). The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in the celecoxib-treated group was significantly lower than that in the model group(P<0.01), and no esophageal adenocarcinoma was detected in the control group. COX-2 expression was detected in 100% of reflux esophagitis, Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma, but not found in the normal tissue from the esophagus and the jejunum(P<0.01). The PGE2 level in the esophageal tissue in the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.01). Rats in the celecoxib-treated group had significantly lower PGE2 level than that in the model group(P<0.01). The PGE2 levels were significantly higher in rats with cancer than those without cancer(P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Celecoxib successfully prevents the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in a rat surgical model with mixed reflux of acid and duodenal juice and significantly decreases the risk of Barrett esophagus developing esophageal adenocarcinoma. COX-2 maybe an effective selective target of chemoprevention for esophageal adenocarcinoma.</p>

The analysis of drug cost and direct medical expense in community health management of hypertensive patients / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the current situation of drug cost, hospitalization cost and direct medical expense in community health management of hypertensive patients, in order to lay foundation for evaluating whether the community health management in basic public health service has cost-effect in Health Economics.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 8326 hypertensive patients from 10 survey pilots in 5 provinces were selected by cluster sampling methods, including 3967 patients who took part in community health management for over 1 year as management group and 4359 cases who have never taken part in community health management as control group. The essential information of research objects were collected by questionnaire; and the medical cost information in the last year (from November 2009 to November 2010) were collected retrospectively. The different annual medical treatment cost, hospitalization cost and direct medical expense in the two groups were compared and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average annual drug cost in hypertension was (621.50 ± 1337.78) yuan per patient; while the cost was (616.13 ± 1248.40) yuan in management group and (626.44 ± 1414.30) yuan in control group respectively. The average annual drug cost of hypertensive patients who took medicine therapy was (702.05 ± 1401.79) yuan per person, while the cost in the management group ((688.50 ± 1300.70) yuan) was much lower than it in control group ((714.64 ± 1489.60) yuan). The annual average drug cost in urban was (731.88 ± 1403.31) yuan per person, which was higher than it in rural as (407.44 ± 1171.44) yuan per person. The average hospitalized rate was 12.2% (1014/8326), and the average annual cost among the hospitalized patients was (9264.47 ± 18 088.49) yuan per person; while the cost was (7583.70 ± 13 267.00) yuan in management group, which was lower than it in control group as (11 028.00 ± 21 919.00) yuan. The average annual hospitalized cost in hypertension was (1064.87 ± 6804.83) yuan per person; while the cost was (936.73 ± 5284.90) yuan in management group, which was lower than it in control group as (1181.50 ± 7937.90) yuan. The average annual direct medical expense in hypertension was (2275.08 ± 8225.66) yuan per person; while the expense was (2165.10 ± 6564.60) yuan in management group and (2375.20 ± 9487.60) yuan in control group. The average annual direct medical expense in urban ((2801.06 ± 9428.54) yuan per person) was higher than it in rural ((1254.70 ± 4990.27) yuan per person).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The community health or standardized management of hypertensive patients can reduce the average annual drug cost and hospitalization cost (around 26 yuan and 245 yuan separately); and thereby save the annual direct medical expense per capita in hypertension (around 210 yuan). In the reform and development of national medical health system, we should enhance and promote the standardized community health management of hypertensive patients.</p>

Anti-apoptosis effect of VEGF on the human chronic myelocytic leukemia cell line K562 / 中国实验血液学杂志

To explore the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the mechanisms of CML pathogenesis, the effect of VEGF on K562 cell apoptosis induced by As(2)O(3) was analyzed through morphologic observation, DNA fragmentation agarose gel electrophoresis and DNA ploidy flow cytometry analysis, and the effect of VEGF on the expression of bcl-X(L), Bax and caspase-3 in K562 cells was determined by Western blot, meanwhile the expression difference between bcl-X(L) and Bax mRNA in above conditions was detected by RT-PCR. The results showed that after VEGF added, the apoptosis of K562 cells reduced, however, there was no significant changes in cell cycle distribution (P > 0.05). At the same time, following the increasing of the concentration of VEGF, expression of mRNA and protein of bcl-X(L) was up-regulated and the expression of Bax protein was down-regulated in K562 cells, and the activation of pro-caspase-3 into caspase-3 was inhibited or reduced. It is concluded that VEGF may suppress the apoptosis of K562 cells through its influence on the bcl-X(L)/Bax expression ratio in K562 cells.